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http://agathe.gr/guide/boundary_stones_and_house_of_simon_the_cobbler.html Boundary Stones and House of Simon the Cobbler Inscribed marble posts were used to mark the entrances to the Agora wherever a street led into the open square. Two have been found in situ, inscribed with ... The limits of the square had to be well marked for two reasons. ... One such building, found just behind the northern boundary stone (horos, in Greek), produced bone eyelets and iron hobnails, suggesting that a cobbler worked here in the 5th century B.C., while a fragmentary drinking cup found nearby preserved the incised name of Simon (Figs. 25, 26). ... The remains of the house of Simon the cobbler, 5th century B.C., built against the Agora boundary stone (bottom left). |
http://agathe.gr/guide/southwest_area.html Southwest Area - Industry and Houses Leaving the area of the boundary stone, one can head southwest up a valley leading toward the Pnyx, meeting place of the Athenian assembly. Here are the complex remains ... The other walls and wells represent private houses dating from the 5th century B.C. to the Byzantine period. ... The date, location, and plan are all appropriate, though the building may equally well have served some commercial function. ... The Poros Building, possibly the State Prison, seen from the north, 5th century B.C. |
http://agathe.gr/guide/odeion_of_agrippa.html Odeion of Agrippa Late in the 1st century B.C. the Athenians were given money for a new marketplace by Caesar and Augustus, and the northern half of the old Agora square was filled with two new structures, ... Cross section of the Odeion, 1st phase (late 1st century B.C.), looking east. ... A.D. 150–175), as reused in the early 5th century A.C. "The lecture was interrupted by much shouting and laughter. ... Drawing of the Late Roman reuse of the Odeion of Agrippa as part of a large palace-like complex, early 5th century A.C. |
http://agathe.gr/democracy/the_athenian_navy.html The Athenian Navy With thousands of kilometers of coastline and hundreds of islands, the Greek world was likely to be dominated only by a naval power. A generation after the establishment of democracy ... These citizen oarsmen were recognized as early as the 5th century B.C. as a significant force in the maintenance of the democracy. ... The trireme was the warship that brought Athens preeminence in Greek waters in the 5th and 4th centuries B.C. ... Oared ships appear on Athenian vases from the 8th to the 5th century B.C., and several of the 372 shipsheds that lined the harbors of the Piraeus have been excavated. |
http://agathe.gr/democracy/sokrates.html Sokrates The philosopher Sokrates was one of many Athenians critical of the people and their control over affairs of state. His probing public debates with fellow citizens led to his trial for impiety ... Regrettably, the shoemaker dialogues have not survived, but in the excavations of the Agora, a small house of the 5th century B.C. was excavated east of the Tholos, just outside the Agora boundary stone. ... Iron hobnails, 5th century B.C. L. of shafts: 0.015 m. ... Base of an Athenian (Attic) black-glaze kylix (drinking cup), 5th century B.C. D.: 0.073 m. |
http://agathe.gr/democracy/the_athenian_army.html The Athenian Army From the very beginning, the Athenians were compelled to fight for their new democracy. Their dramatic victories over the Boiotians and Chalkidians in 506 B.C. led many to attribute Athenian ... Fragment of an Athenian (Attic) red-figure bell-krater (mixing bowl), Stb century B.C. H.: 0.12 7 m. ... Lead armor tokens, 3rd century B.C. D.: 0.018-0.021 m. ... The eight examples reproduced here are part of a group of thirty similar tokens found in the same well, at a level dating to the second half of the 4th century B.C., as the inscribed lead strip describing Konon's horse. |
http://agathe.gr/guide/history_of_the_agora.html History of the Agora The excavations of the Athenian Agora have uncovered about thirty acres on the sloping ground northwest of the Acropolis (Fig. 3). Material of all periods from the Late Neolithic to ... It continued in use as a cemetery throughout the Iron Age (1100–700 B.C.) and over 80 graves, both burials and cremations, have been found. ... The rise of Alexander of Macedon eclipsed Athens politically and the 3rd century B.C. saw Athens dominated by his successors. ... The area was given over to a variety of large villas in the 4th and 5th centuries A.D. |
http://agathe.gr/democracy/practice_of_ostracism.html Ostracism Soon after their victory over the Persians at the battle of Marathon in 490 B.C., the Athenians began the practice of ostracism, a form of election designed to curb the power of any rising tyrant ... Ostrakon of Megakles (left), ostracized in 486 B.C. Max. dim.: 0.11 m. ... (Life of Aristeides 73-4) Ostrakon of Perikles, candidate for ostracism in the mid-5th century B.C. Max. dim.: 0.07 m. ... They preserve the names of all the well-known statesmen as well as several unknown aspirants to political power. |
http://agathe.gr/democracy/theater.html Theater Western drama was an Athenian invention which developed late in the 6th century B.C. out of the festivals celebrated in honor of the god Dionysos. Originally held in the Agora, the plays were soon ... Theater Western drama was an Athenian invention which developed late in the 6th century B.C. out of the festivals celebrated in honor of the god Dionysos. ... Before large audiences comic poets such as Aristophanes filled their plays with stinging criticism of all the leading politicians of 5th-century Athens, as well as the assemblymen and jurors: They encourage personal attacks if anyone wished, knowing that the butts of comedy are not for the most part of the common people nor from the masses, but rich or noble or powerful; only a few of the poor, ordinary citizens are attacked in comedy, and they only because they meddle in everything or try to become too influential; therefore the people do not object even to the ridiculing of such men. ... Mold for a statuette of a seated slave, about 35O B.C. H.: 0.067 m. |
http://agathe.gr/democracy/tyranny.html Tyranny As happened in many other Greek states, a tyrant arose in Athens in the 6th century B.C. His name was Peisistratos, and after several unsuccessful attempts he seized power in 546 B.C. and ruled ... Tyranny As happened in many other Greek states, a tyrant arose in Athens in the 6th century B.C. His name was Peisistratos, and after several unsuccessful attempts he seized power in 546 B.C. and ruled until his death in 527, after which he was succeeded by his two sons, Hippias and Hipparchos. ... The inscription also records the names of two other well-known politicians active in the late 6th century B.C.: Miltiades, future hero of the battle of Marathon against the Persians, and Kleisthenes, later to be the initiator of democratic reforms. The letter forms date the inscription to the later part of the 5th century B.C., which means the piece shown here recorded the names of individuals who held office a century earlier. |
http://agathe.gr/democracy/administration_and_bureaucracy.html Administration and Bureaucracy The economy of Athens was supervised by numerous boards of officials in charge of the mint, the marketplace, weights and measures, and the grain and water supplies. Most ... Set of official weights, about 500 B.C. Stater. 0. 063 m. ... Bronze public measure, about 400 B.C. H.: 0. 09 m. ... This silver coinage, which probably began in the 6th century B.C., continued to be minted for some 500 years. ilver and bronze coins of Athens, 5th-3rd centuries B.C. |
http://agathe.gr/democracy/factional_politics.html Factional Politics: The Ostracism of Themistokles A group of ostraka found together in a pit on the North Slope of the Acropolis is of special interest. There were 190 ostraka, mostly the round feet of ... Three samples from each of four hands are represented in the 12 ostraka here; letter forms and sizes as well as incised lines show the characteristics of individual handwriting. ... These ships proved crucial in the decisive victory of the Greek fleet over the Persians at Salamis in 480 B.C., as did Themistokles' own guile in tricking the Persians into fighting in the narrow straits. ... (Plutarch, Life of Themistokles 4A) Despite his extraordinary success in turning Athens into the dominant sea power, which led to her military success throughout the 5th century, Themistokles made numerous personal enemies, and we hear disparaging remarks about his greed and ambition. |
http://agathe.gr/democracy/slaves_and_resident_aliens.html The Unenfranchised II - Slaves and Resident Aliens Also excluded from political participation were two other large segments of the population: slaves and metics (resident aliens). Slavery was common in ... Despite their unfortunate lot, slaves in democratic Athens were apparently somewhat better off than in other cities, according to one writer of the 5th century B.C.: Slaves and metics at Athens lead a singularly undisciplined life; one may not strike them there, nor will a slave step aside for you. ... Athenian (Attic) red-figure kylix (drinking cup), about 480 B.C., attributed to the painter Onesimos. ... Athenian (Attic) red-figure plate, 520-510 B.C. Attributed to the painter Faseas. |
http://agathe.gr/democracy/the_ten_new_tribes.html The Ten New Tribes Kleisthenes instituted a crucial reform, the reorganization of the citizenry into new administrative units called phylai (tribes). In his attempt to break up the aristocratic power structure, ... Model of the Monument of the Eponymous Heroes in a 4th-century B.C. reconstruction. ... The earliest references to a monument of the Eponymous Heroes came from the comic poet Aristophanes in the 420's B.C., but the foundations of the monument that have been excavated belong to the years around 330 B.C., nearly a century later. ... By the late 5th century a long base had been set up in the Agora to display statues of all ten heroes. |
http://agathe.gr/publications/monographs.html Monographs Excavations in the civic and cultural center of classical Athens began in 1931 and have continued almost without interruption to the present day. The first Athenian Agora volumes presenting ... B.Publication Date: 1953ISBN: 978-0-87661-201-9Volume: 1 Presented in catalogue form are 64 portrait heads, headless torsos, and fragments (of both categories) ranging in date from the first half of the 1st century B.C. to the 5th century A.D. ... JSTOR | Search for Items Inside Black and Plain Pottery of the 6th, 5th and 4th Centuries B.C. ... TownsendPublication Date: 1995ISBN: 978-0-87661-228-6Volume: 28 A comprehensive, three-part study of the sites and procedures of Athenian lawcourts in the 5th, 4th, and 3rd centuries B.C. |
http://agathe.gr/democracy/the_popular_courts.html The Popular Courts The popular courts, with juries of no fewer than 201 jurors and as many as 2,500, heard a variety of cases. The courts also had an important constitutional role in wielding ultimate ... Bronze ballots and a ballot box were found in a complex of rooms constructed in the late 5th and 4th centuries B.C. and identified on the basis of these finds as lawcourts. ... The single lid of an unglazed cooking pot, although modest in appearance, seems to have been used in this sort of official capacity Fragment from the inscribed lid of a cooking pot (echinus), 4th century B.C. L. of fragment: 0.113 m. ... We can infer that the evidence in this pot was used not only at public arbitration but at the trial as well. Pot. Athens, Agora Museum P 14655. |
http://agathe.gr/publications/picture_books.html Picture Books The Athenian Agora Picture Book series, started in 1951, aims to make information about life in the ancient commercial and political center of Athens available to a wide audience. Each booklet ... The booklet illustrates many different forms of amphora, all set into context by the well-written text. ... Online Version | Google Books | English PDF | Greek PDF | Buy Online | Search for Items Inside Socrates in the Agora Author: Lang, M.Publication Date: 1978ISBN: 0876616171Picture Book: 17 As far as we know, the 5th-century B.C. Greek philosopher Socrates himself wrote nothing. ... Google Books | Buy Online | Search for Items Inside Marbleworkers in the Athenian Agora Author: Lawton, C.Publication Date: 2006ISBN: 0876616547Picture Book: 27 The 5th-century B.C. poet Pindar remarked on the rich sculptural decoration of the Athenian Agora, and, indeed, over 3,500 pieces of various types of sculpture have been uncovered during its excavation. |
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